完整的英语论文范文格式(推荐16篇)
admin完整的英语论文范文格式 第1篇
英文论文
【一】英文电影听说教学问题与发展趋势
英文原声电影听说教学步骤
(一)准备阶段
1.教师准备。
(1)电影取材。
选取的电影一定要发音地道，不能有很重的口音，要便于学生学习标准的发音。
电影同时要有中英文双字幕，这样可以方便学生积累和记忆词汇。
电影的主题要健康向上，能够深刻揭示人生哲理，可以让学生在学习语言的同时，陶冶情操。
另外，如果电影具有某种时代意义，便于学生了解某个国家的重大历史事件，则更有选取价值。
如美国电影《冷山》(TheColdMountain)就展现了美国内战的历史背景，观看后学生会对这段历史记忆犹新。
而电影的难度虽然不宜过难，以免挫伤学生的学习积极性，但教师亦应把握影片的难度需要比学生掌握的水平稍难，这样才有助于学生的自主学习。
(2)知识准备。
在放映前老师应提前观看电影，并发掘其中的知识点，如俚语、文化信息、宗教内涵和词汇知识等等。
教师应根据学生的水平设置相关问题，并想好放映电影过程中进行学习和讨论的步骤和方法。
2.学生准备。
学生主要是知识准备。
完整的英语论文范文格式 第2篇
Abstract
Business negotiations under different cultural conditions are cultural negotiations. With the development of economic globalization and frequent business contacts, cultural differences have become very important. If they are neglected, they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, or even undermine the result of business negations. Therefore, it is of great significance to know different cultures of different countries as well as ways to avoid cultural conflicts in the context of international business negotiations. The paper begins with the definition of culture, analyzes the causes of cultural differences and explains the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations from three perspectives of communication process, negotiation style and values concept. Finally, it analyzes effective ways to deal with the problem arising from cultural differences in the negotiation process. The paper stresses that in business negotiations between different countries negotiators should accept the other partys culture, try to make him be accepted and make a correct evaluation with help of effective communications. In a word, for successful cultural negotiations, cultural differences need to be perceived, accepted and most importantly played down.
Key words: culture cultural difference business negotiation impact
Contents
1. Cultural difference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4
The definition of culture……………………………………..............….....4
The causes of cultural differences……………………………..………......4
Geographical differences………………………..………………....….....4
Ethnic differences…………………………..………………....................4
Political differences…………………………..………….………….…...4
Economic differences…………………………………..….……….…....4
Religious differences……………………………………..………….......4
The concept of difference…………………………………...……….......5
Importance of international business negotiations on Cultural differences…………………………………………………………….…..5
2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5
Communication process……………………………...…...……...…....…..5
Negotiating style…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8
Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8
Ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8
Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…. ...8
Concept of Collective…………………………………………………....8
Concept of time……………………………………………………….....8
3. How to deal with international business negotiations and cultural differences……………………..…………………………………………........9
To learn more about the former in the negotiations of the cultural differences that may arise………...…………………..……………….…..9
In the negotiations necessary to correctly handle the cultural differences………………………………………………………………...9
Negotiations to do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences…………...…………………………………………......……10
4. References…………………...………….………………………….……....11
Business negotiation in interpersonal relationships as a special form, relate to different geographical, ethnic, social and cultural exchanges and contacts, which have taken place in cross-cultural negotiations. In cross-cultural negotiations, the different geographical, ethnic, cultural differences will affect the thinking of those negotiations, the negotiation style and behavior, thus affecting the entire negotiation process. Therefore, to engage in business activities, especially for the cross-border business activities must understand and master the links between different cultures and differences. Conducting negotiations with the organization, also have to understand that cultural differences impact on the negotiations, only the face of such a positive impact on the desired objectives can be achieved.
1. Cultural differences
the definition of culture
National culture is a country-specific concepts and value systems, which constitute the concept of peoples lives and work behavior. The nations of the world as a result of specific historical and geographical and gradually formed its own unique cultural traditions and cultural patterns. As the difference of Chinese and Western traditional customs, values, religious beliefs , different ways of thinking, etc, making the different performance of Chinese and Western cultures.
the causes of cultural differences
Cultural diversity caused by many reasons, To sum up, the main source of cultural differences are in the following areas:
geographical differences
Refers to the geographical differences in different geographic regions due to the geographical environment, the level of economic development and traditional differences in habits, people often have different language, lifestyle and hobbies. And these will affect their behavior. For example, the West and the American people in some countries treat Christmas important, but in areas such as near the equator do not have snow all the year round, the people of some African countries may not have the concept of Christmas because the best modified Christmas is snow, as to the people in the region that are not long-term snow ,there is little concentration of Christmas than American States.
national differences
Ethnic differences is the different ethnic groups in the development of long-term process, the formation of their own language, customs and preferences, habits. Their diet, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life of their own characteristics. Take the history of our country and our Hun Han, the Xiongnu people are valiant, characteristics of typical nomads. And we tame the Han character, the typical characteristics of farming nation. Which led to the Huns in the diet, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life are different with Han.
the political differences
Political differences are due to the political system and the policies and regulations on peoples behavior with the role of a standardized, so that all peoples in the political aspects on the concept of the existence are differences. Take the United States and France as example, the United States by the Constitution the powers of the President of the severe restrictions on the two major powers with other institutions of Congress and the Supreme Court of strong constraints. While France also had to set was ready to royalist restoration of the monarchy of the Third Republic to amend the Constitution a little further expand the powers of the president.
economic disparities
Economic differences are result of the economic factors of a reflection of cultural differences. For example, the people in the Western developed countries are rich lives and high level of education, people will pay more attention to the quality of life, security means more generally. And economic backwardness of the Third World, people care more about food and clothing.
religious differences
Religion is the development of human society to a certain stage of historical phenomenon, Religion has its own (Catholic) Major epidemic in Western Europe and South American; Islam is the scope of the whole of the Middle East and North Africa. Buddhism is more prevalent in Asian countries. The world has three major religions: Christianity, Buddhism and Islam. Christian (Protestant) is major epidemic in Northern Europe, North America and Australia; people in many parts of Asia believe in Buddhist. Different religions have different cultural tendencies and precepts, which affect the way of people understand things, codes of conduct and values.
the concept of Values difference
Values are means of objective evaluation criteria of things. It includes the concept of time, wealth, the attitude towards life, the attitude to risk and so on. Different societies’ people to the same things and problems will come to different and even opposite conclusions.
Geographical differences, ethnic differences, political differences, economic differences, religious differences and differences in concepts have the impact on peoples penetration in the food, clothing, accommodation, festivals and rituals, such as material and cultural life in all its aspects. Thus affecting peoples behavior, values, religious beliefs and modes of thought have a lot of difference, Finally has formed the various countries and areas of cultural differences.
cultural differences on the importance of international business negotiations
Practice in the negotiations, many negotiators often do not understand, or took note of the cultural importance of the significant impact on negotiations. Negotiating parties for foreign culture, some negotiators may have noticed some of the other negotiations, “different” or “hard to understand” the concrete manifestation of negotiations, but that is not important. Some people blindly believe that negotiation is the use of foreign-related facts and figures to speak, and the facts and data are common. Similarly, some foreign countries’ negotiators to negotiations with each other to maintain harmonious relations, they will notice the similarities between both cultures, while ignoring their differences. Lets look at an example.
In 1992, negotiators from China and other 12 experts of different professions to form a delegation to the United States purchases about 30 million . dollars of chemical equipment and technology. The US naturally does everything possible to satisfy them. One of them is negotiations in the first round of the delegation sent to each of them a small souvenir. The Souvenirs packaging is very particular is a beautiful red box, red for advanced. But when the delegation was pleased to open the box when face-to-face in accordance with the Americans, Everyones face appears very not the nature actually--there is a golf cap, but the color is green. American businessmans intention is: after signing the contract, and everyone to play golf. But they don’t know the “be a cuckold” is the biggest taboo in Chinese men. Finally the delegation did not sign the contract, not because the Americans “insult” people, but because they work careless, and even don’t know the common sense that Chinese men taboo “be a cuckold”. How can we feel free to tens of millions of dollars project to them? It can be seen that the failure of the Americans negotiation is due to they do not understand the Chinese culture.
From the above examples, we can learn in business negotiations, if we do not attach importance to each others cultural differences, the negotiations are likely to lead to failure.
2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations
The impact of culture on negotiations is extensive and profound, and different cultures will naturally divided people into different groups, this region, the difference between their respective groups are bringing people of different cultural groups tend to alienate each other; On the other hand, different cultural communication and exchanges between people are also obstacles. Therefore, the requirements of the negotiators to accept each others culture, but also by cultural differences, unmistakably reveals that the purpose of understanding of each others behavior, and they have been accepted by the other party, and ultimately reach a consensus agreement.
Overall, the impact on culture negotiations are in following several aspects:
the communication process
Cultural differences on the communication process of the negotiations, first of all is the performance of the communication language in the negotiation process. Language is a bridge of any country, any region and any nation. States companies, individuals to conduct business negotiations, we must first have the language to this. The differences language of international business activities is the most direct and clear. Such as Chinas “white elephant” brand batteries, to the English “White Elephant” it would cause bad associations.
Because the “White Elephant” In addition to the name of animals that have two meanings: “The owner did not use, but may be useful to others; do not reuse things.” Solve the language problem is very simple, you can hire a translator or use a common third language to talk. While the negotiators of the language used in a variety of cultures with higher fitness, but no matter what, the difference is obvious. Such as Japan, Brazil and France Culture, the Japanese style of business communication is the most polite, more positive commitment to the use of recommended and guarantees, and less use of threats, commands and warnings of freedom of speech, their manners of speech style, The most prominent is that they do not often use “no”, “you” and facial gaze, but to maintain a period of silence; Brazilian businessmen to use “no” and “you” at the higher frequency, their negotiation style seems more presumptuous, and it seems not lonely in the negotiations, to gaze at each other and touch each other from time to time; French businessmen negotiating style is all the most presumptuous, in particular, their use of threats and warnings at the highest frequency, in addition, they are still very frequent use of interrupted, facial gaze, as well as “no” and “you”. It can be seen, only to clarify these differences that can avoid the reticent Japanese, Brazilian over enthusiasm or the French’s misunderstanding of the threat, which achieved the success of international business negotiations.
Cultural differences impact on the negotiation process not only in the process of language communication, but also in the process of non-verbal communication. Cultural differences will lead to different countries or regions in the body language of negotiations, the use of action language significantly different, or even the same language of action is diametrically opposed to the transfer of information. For example, the vast majority of countries are in favor of nod his head for agree. But in India, Nepal and other countries that are certainly shaking his head, that is, shaking his head and smiling, that is positive meaning, some people just do it diagonally on the rise is still a good way, some people are a population frequency said “You are right! You are right!” but a continuously shaking his head, often make others do not know its true psychological and full of doubt. But negotiators shape, movement, language, awareness and use of the differences, also create an obstacle for the negotiations in communication.
Cultural differences also can lead to the negotiators of the differences in communication. People of different cultures have their preferences and habits of communication and cross-cultural negotiations in the negotiating parties often belong to different cultures, have their own customary means of communication. Accustomed to different means of communication between the parties to conduct a more depth in communication, often cause a wide range of issues. From countries with a high culture of the negotiators and those from countries with low culture of the negotiators may be in different ways of expression during the negotiation process. From countries with a high culture of the negotiators may be chosen euphemism, indirect ways to express their meaning. While from low culture of the negotiators preference for using oral expression to negotiate, direct or receive a clear message, straightforward means to express themselves. These two negotiators from different cultures during the negotiations, the party think the other side is often too rough, while the other may think that the other side lack of good faith in negotiations, or misunderstanding the silence of each others conditions for its approval.
the negotiation style
The negotiation style is the main bearing and the attitude which displays in the negotiations activities. the style of negotiations in the course of negotiators’ behavior, conduct and control of the negotiation process of the method and means. Negotiators negotiations Style with a deep cultural stigma. Culture not only determines the Ethics Code of Ethics for negotiators, but also affects the way of thinking negotiators’ behavior and personality, so that make the negotiators of different cultural backgrounds form a very different style of negotiation. Negotiating style of the negotiation process for the negotiations between the two sides approach the relationship, contacts, and even the structure of the negotiations has a direct impact.
Adhere to cultural differences, negotiating styles can be divided into two types: the negotiation style of Oriental and Western style negotiations. Oriental style is based on negotiations as the background of oriental culture of Asian countries negotiation styles, with Japan, South Korea for a typical representative:
Japanese business men are conservative, attention to status-oriented, credit and the initial cooperation, co-dependent relationship between stress and good at negotiating. Japanese attached great importance to the negotiations in the transaction to establish harmonious interpersonal relationships. If there had been contacts with Japanese, before the negotiations should be recall the past exchanges and friendship between the two sides, which will be beneficial to the next negotiations. They did not support and habit the direct, purely commercial activities. If it is the first time to establish trade relations with Japanese, the party responsible for higher status in charge visits in opposite party enterprise at the same level status person in charge is extremely important, it attached great importance to Japanese companies and the trading relationship with you. When negotiations with Japan, it’s the best to send staff rank and status at high-level than the other side. This will facilitate the conduct of the talks. It should also be noted that Japanese womens status in society is lower, generally they not allowed to participate in the operation and management of large companies activities, the Japanese are also in a number of important occasions of non-female. Therefore, when encountered formal negotiations generally not appropriate to allow women to participate in, or else they may be skeptical, and even expressed dissatisfaction.
Korean character stubborn, often stuck to their own views in the negotiations and will not easily compromise. In this case we must grasp the strategy, it is necessary to adhere to argue, but also common sense to master a certain sense of propriety, and sometimes also need to be patient. On the other hand, South Korea in the negotiations seldom to express the views directly, often need the other side to try to figure out, in order to accurately understand the meaning of each other, South Korea may ask the same question repeatedly, so that when making decisions to ensure the correctness. And South Korea signed a contract does not mean that their success will not be changed, for other reasons they would seek to amend or re-start negotiations with you.
Western-type style of negotiation is based on Western culture of Europe and the United States as the background style of negotiations. The main representatives are the United States and United Kingdom.
Americans often talk about “Business is Business” (business to the business) means doing business need to not recognize ones own closest relatives, insist on the principle of things not for people. “Time is money”, “money is everything” is the unswerving credo of American. Their business activities is often straightforward, be anxious for success, business came straight to the point, they always picking up the phone to talk, sit down and get straight to the point, They calculate the progress by the hour and the number of days, their opponents often feel pressure from them. American businessmen do not like the use an agent or participate in negotiations with the consultant, give others the impression that they can say on behalf of the company. They like to sit down to do business immediately. In addition, the United States businessmen attached great importance to economic benefits, they have a slang called: “Bang for Buck”, that is, with minimum capital investment to obtain the greatest benefit.
British merchants engaged in commercial activities pay more attention to informal traders than other countries in the world, but also more conservative. Even today, the world has entered the electronic information age, in the UK by telephone to talk about business is unacceptable. British businessmen are more willing to make full preparations in advance, and then face-to-face talks. As long as they do not believe that the details of a settlement will not solve, they will never sign, all must have to do as rule. As a result of the British very great importance to the position, the title is also very important to them. Therefore, the selection status of the person as a broker of highly influential business, political forces and the role of trade unions in the business also can not be neglected.
Of course, it also must pay attention to the actual negotiations process, although the same cultural background of the negotiators, the talks there was a clear difference, but subject to sub-culture, as well as other factors, the same cultural background of individual negotiators, the negotiations style can be very different.
Cultural values
Cultural values is measure the consequences of peoples behavior and standards. They affecting the way of people understanding the problems and will give rise to a strong emotional impact. In different cultures, values will be very different. Culture in a very appropriate behavior in another culture may be seen as immoral. For example, Americans believe that nepotism is immoral, however it as an obligation at the majority of Latin American culture. Therefore, the Understanding of a certain society in popular as well as these ideas in the personal behavior the degree which respects is very important. Our discussions here will focus on those activities is essential to understand the socio-economic values, more specifically, is these for promote the cross-cultural communicative competence and the values is worth noting.
Ethics
China has heavier ethics. “Acquaintance” and “relationship” has its own special meaning and significance, once the relations have been established, the two sides have become acquaintances or friends, and generous concessions to help the situation appear, and the degree of trust and tolerance will be improved, so the Chinese people have more oral agreement. Americans is not the case, they do not pay attention to cultivating the feelings of both sides, and attempts to separate business and friendship. To deal with the problem, often used the legal means, lawyers come forward to solve the problem is common, it is flexible and not rigid, we should clearly recognize this point. However, once sign the contract, they are very much focused on the legal contract, the performance of the contract is higher. The Chinese delegation to the West, maybe a long time no one could entertain, and this misunderstanding of the people are not interested in their visit; Europeans come to China, No matter what they do may find that there are people who accompanied, and this misunderstanding of the people lack of trust in them. Of foreign visitors, a senior care too much, not to mention dinner, often mistakenly believe that this expressed his companys products or have a preference, this in fact is the Chinese hospitality, This can lead to subsequent disappointment, and even complain.
awareness
In the course of the Chinese and Western cultural traditions and different cultural values, on the negotiations issues tend to have a confrontation or misunderstanding. Chinas national character has a very remarkable phenomenon, that is Settles on the face or the dignity. At the negotiating table, if make a choice from “decent” and “interest”, both the Chinese people will often choose to “decent.” Why do the Chinese people want to save face at all costs? Because of the ideological core of Chinese culture is a group consciousness. In accordance with the sense that each one is not a separate person, but living in a certain social relations, and no face will not the face of others, there is no face on the people and will not be able to live in the social and group life, and may even be abandoned by society and the groups. But not like Westerners, they value the interests of negotiations, they will not hesitate to choose interest from “decent” and “interest” of the two. Chinese people regarding negotiations result whether can bring honor for their face, looks extremely important, as well as some Western negotiators in their works cautioned China in the talks, we must note that use of Chinas national character. It is clear that only a correct understanding and properly grasp the existence of Chinese and Western differences in national character, can effectively help us in a timely manner to correct our own shortcomings and strengthen our own advantages and use of others shortcomings to collapse of others strengths.
the concept of collective
Chinas concept of collective a stronger emphasis on collective responsibility, Therefore the negotiations pattern basically is the collective, but to make the final decisions are a decisive one, and even the decisive one simply has not entered the stage. This is known as the cultural experts of “high from the right to culture”, in the event of difficult issues more complicated, the negotiators on the difficult decisions; and the Western culture of Jurists which was referred to as “low from the right to culture”, on the surface is one or two people out, negotiators have been given the appropriate permissions, or assisted in its decision-making think-tank, which in the negotiations, the sole responsibility of the negotiations were heavier, higher and more flexible.
the concept of time
Concept of time and how it decided the peoples action plan for international business negotiations has a broad impact of the invisible. The daily negotiations behavior manifests observes the difference aspect of time may be is the most obvious results of the performance. Jewish businessmen attached great importance of time. They always believe that time is not money, time and goods, is the capital to make money. Money can borrow, but time can not be borrowed, the time is more valuable than money. A wealthy Jewish income of 200,000 US dollars monthly have been considered such an account: his daily wage is 8 1000 dollars, then about 17 . dollars per minute. If he had been disturbed and waste 5 minutes, then is the equivalent of stolen 85 . dollars in cash. Strong concept of time improved the efficiency of the Jews, they are often at work in seconds and every second counts. On the Jewish people, never appear leave early, late, or to stall for time and so on. In the business activities of the Jews “Uninvited guest” is almost as the same as the “unwelcome person”, because uninvited guests will disrupt the timing of the original, and waste everybodys time. For the time extremely mean of the Jewish, in the time to discuss the concept of time is stronger. Before Jews in the negotiations, the time must have been agreement. They agreed not only in a certain period of a day, but also appointment “from the starting points to a few minutes to talk about.” During the meeting, in addition to polite greetings outside, the Jews immediately to discuss business, this is have good manners and good performance, at the same time that mean respect of each other.
3. how to deal with the cultural differences on international business negotiations
Only recognize and accommodate cultural differences can take the whole process of negotiations in response to countermeasures, including before the negotiations that may arise cultural differences, correctly handle the cultural differences on negotiations, do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences after negotiations.
before the negotiations to understand the cultural differences that may arise
It is essential to understand cultural differences before negotiations. Preparatory work for negotiations include: the background of negotiations and assessment of the situation, to verify the fact the negotiation process, the agenda, the best strategy options and concessions. The background of the negotiations also include the location, site layout, bargaining unit, the Senate on the number of listeners, the channels of communication and the time limit of negotiations. All these preparations must be taken into account possible of cultural differences. For example, the venue layout of cultural differences may have a slightly affected of the cooperation. In the culture of heavier hierarchy, if the room arrangement improper, more casually, it could lead to anxiety and even anger of the other side.
In addition, negotiations styles are due to culture differences. American culture tend to work together “to finalize an agreement”; and Japanese culture likes to talk with everyone separately, if everyone agrees, then arranges a broader scope discussion; the Russian people like a total approach, and one to talk about to settle an agreement, and then the front of the two parties invite a third party, so continue.
Time limit for the control of the negotiations is also very important. Different cultures have different concepts of time. Such as North America, the concept of time is a strong culture, for Americans, time is money. The culture of the Middle East and Latin America was relatively weak concept of time, in their view, time should be enjoyed. Thus, in international business negotiations, the concept of time differences should be prepared.
correct handling of cultural differences in the negotiations
First of all, the choice of language and use in the negotiations, for the Western countries, we must take the exchange-oriented approach, as simple clear as possible, and frank expression of his own ideas, not ambiguous and vague. For example, Americans like argued, language has a confrontational, drastic tone, they think that argued not only the right to express his personal views, but also conducive to problem-solving, divergent points of view will not affect the interpersonal relationships. In the oriental culture, in order to preserve the face sides of others, the face groups or other peoples face, frequent use of ambiguous and indirect language. Even if they disagree with others views, its rare to be rejected or refuted directly, but rather tortuous statement of his views, or to show embarrassment. The values of “Harmony” is the Chinese people to create an atmosphere of harmony as an important means of negotiations, in the negotiating process, they try to avoid friction, and friendship first, they pursued by a permanent long-term friendship and cooperation.
Secondly, the method in the negotiations, to the United States as an example, as a result of the Oriental mode of thinking is the overall orientation, their use in the negotiations is that from the overall to local, descending from general to specific, that is, first reach a consensus of general principles, and then use this to guide specific programs to solve the problem. They do not have an obvious sequence of points, usually until the end of the negotiations, all issues will be made in concessions and commitments in order to reach an agreement. Due to the impact mode of thinking, Westerners analysis the most important things in their logical relationship between the re-specific than the whole, at the beginning of negotiations, they hurry to talk about the specific terms. Therefore, we often resolve the price, delivery, warranties and service contracts and other issues at times, solve each problem, there are concessions and commitments from start to finish, the final agreement is the sum of a series small agreements.
to do a good job of follow-up for the exchange of cultural differences after negotiations
Related to contract management and follow-up to the exchange of management behavior after negotiations, first as contract, in which the relationship between people-oriented countries such as China, to resolve their disputes often do not rely solely on the legal system, and often rely on the two sides relations. In these cultures, a written contract is very short, it mainly used to describe the respective responsibilities of business partners. Western countries such as the American culture, they generally will regard the contract signing ceremony as not only a waste of time but also a waste of money, so the contract is often signed by send mail. Exchange on the follow-up, the American cultural emphasis on the “distinction between people and things”, so they did not pay attention to follow-up exchanges. Oriental culture in countries such as Japan, keep the majority of the follow-up of foreign exchange customers as international business was an important part of the negotiations. They signed the contract after a long time, they will also carry out as letters, pictures, and exchange visits.
The above analysis of the cultural differences and their impact on international business negotiations, any business men engaged in cross-cultural activities should be highly priority. A cultural difference is an objective reality, the attitude of individuals or groups tend to determine the role of cultural differences, it can exaggerate the cultural differences and also reduce the barrier which causes the cultural difference to the lowest point. People in cross-cultural business negotiations, if able to overcome cultural barriers, to understand, do as the Romans do, learning to stand on other peoples point to think, that we can promote mutual understanding and work together to adapt the two sides and create an economic and cultural environment, so that we can success.
4. References
[1]Cao Ling editor: “Business English negotiations,” Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,
[2]Xie Xiaoying editor: “Business English negotiations”, China Business Press,
[3]Qiu Gejia,Yang Guojun editor: “win-win negotiations of modern business English”, China International Radio Press,
[4]Weng Fengxiang edited: “An Introduction to International Business”, Tsinghua University Press / Beijing Jiao tong University Press, 2006
[5]William Hampton with: “Jewish businessmen in business start-up experience and wisdom,” translated Zheng Ping, Harbin Publishing House,
完整的英语论文范文格式 第3篇
经济发展英文论文
论文是探讨问题进行学术研究的一种手段，又是描述学术研究成果进行学术交流的一种工具，下面我们一起来看看关于经济发展的论文。
一、经济发展新常态基本特征之内在联系
经济增长保持在合理区间赢得了优化结构的时间和空间，是新常态的基础性特征。优化经济结构是梳理自己的家当、理性思考、总结得失、深化改革、创新思路、挖掘潜力、果断决策、千方百计把手里的事情做的更好，从增量扩能为主向存量和增量并重转变，最大限度发挥做强现有优势、不遗余力拓展做大新兴优势，是途径性特征。创新驱动是释放全体人民的热情和创造力，使每个人的聪明才智得以充分迸发、发展成果让每个人普遍享受，经济社会发展量力而为、国计民生大事量入而出、轻重缓急拿捏得当、良性循环健康发展，从而实现居民收入增加、生活水平提高，是目的性特征。新常态的内涵应当是调整、巩固、优化、提高，是稳中求进。新常态不是权宜之计，是一个大体量经济体健康发展应当保持的积极理性的正常状态。稳增长不能妨碍调结构，调结构过程中，不能放弃稳增长。速度、结构、驱动构成的特征之间是你中有我、我中有你、彼此相依的关系，缺项则不完整，不为新常态。面对新常态，至关重要的是全面把握新常态基本特征之间的有机统一、互为条件的关系，真正理解速度、结构、驱动力之间的有机联系，不可偏废、不能割裂、深度融合，在实际工作中切实践行经济发展新常态这一客观科学的论述，唯有如此，才能使这一论述发挥其引领中国经济健康发展的指导作用。
二、适应经济发展新常态贵在共识和主动
中国改革开放的伟大实践留下了鲜明的解放思想、转变观念的印记，回眸每一次历史性的进步，盘点每一个划时代的成就，无一不是思想解放、观念突破所牵引和推动。经济发展新常态的论述标志着中国经济发展理论更趋成熟，是发展理念的深刻变革，是指引科学发展正确道路的里程碑。因此我们只有把思想和行动统一到中央对新常态的认识和判断上来，才能真正解放思想、开动脑筋、开阔新思路，增强加快转变发展方式的自觉性，主动适应、从容有效应对新常态新情况新变化新任务的严峻挑战，也才能开创新局面。适应经济发展新常态是稳中求进。管控速度、稳中求进、科学发展是国家一个时期以来也是今后经济工作的总基调和政策原则。发展速度由高转为中高，不是孤立的指标下调，不是单纯的自减压力。综观国际国内经济起伏，世界政治经济格局的动荡日趋常态化，全球经济发展走势的不确定性明显增加，国内改革进入攻坚期，利益博弈角力加剧、社会矛盾叠加凸显，面对各种矛盾和挑战，保持清醒的头脑，巩固根据地谋取新发展、稳中求进无疑是明智的选择。适应新常态不是经济衰退的无奈，是为了更优更好发展的大智慧。适应经济发展新常态任务任重道远。进入新常态，改革发展任务异常艰巨繁重、工作的难度强度也大大提高，稳中求进稳扎稳打的发展对经济运行的组织和调控提出了更高要求，这种增长方式的转变告别的是简单粗放的发展方式，与之相伴的是结构的如何优化和驱动的怎样创新，需要做大量艰苦细致的工作，追求的是高质量高水平高效益的.发展，智慧系数要求更高、工作内容更复杂、难度更大也更艰苦，面对新常态尤其不能自减压力、掉以轻心、高枕无忧，要切实感受肩上的担子不是轻了，而是更重了。适应经济发展新常态必须发挥主观能动性。正确地认识世界重要，主观能动地改造世界更重要。适应新常态，尤其需要大兴调查研究之风。了解情况要深入实际，解决问题要雷厉风行。要找准优势和不足，分析核心竞争力和边缘产能，做大优质存量，整合淘汰落后产能，培育朝阳产业，发现培育播种培养经济增长点。各项工作不走过场、不推诿、不敷衍、不扯皮、不折腾，积极主动自觉地践行新常态。
三、应对经济发展新常态尤其需要变革与担当
应对经济发展新常态需要担当的勇气和奉献的胸怀。不计成本和后果，以牺牲资源和环境为代价的高速度以及靠拼资源、拼环境、拼投资、拼政策求发展已成过去。经济结构的优化、增长方式的转变需要非同寻常的勇气、能力、智慧、担当，需要科学的态度，运筹帷幄、精雕细刻、仔细把玩手中的、反复琢磨脚下的、付出艰辛、穷尽可能、做到极致，需要时间的检验，甚至是作出名和利的牺牲，蒙受可能的误解。创新驱动更不是瞎指挥、拍脑门，一时冲动、一蹴而就的，创新驱动是一个系统工程，尤其需要发挥科技、文化、教育的整体合力，需要战略眼光、超前思维、谋篇布局，有赖于全民族素质的提升，往往只争朝夕不能立竿见影。因此，以大我之心胸、为民之情怀、广阔之视野，踏下心来扎实工作、殚精竭虑、呕心沥血谋划健康发展、谋划国家未来成为伟大时代应当弘扬的一种非常宝贵的中国精神，社会需要正能量，国家需要脊梁型的精英来谱写奏响中国梦的辉煌乐章。
四、经济发展新常态必然催生中国经济的新跨越
经济发展新常态是科学发展主观能动性与经济规律客观存在、发展阶段必然要求的完美结合、有机统一，是经济形态的自然流露和表达。^v^关于经济发展新常态的阐述是对经济发展客观规律的正确判断和准确把握，关系到人民的福祉、国家的未来。工农商学兵、东西南北中都应该把思想观念、发展思维统一到新常态上来，把工作重心和发展的着力点发力点放在新常态上。适应新常态、尊重新常态、营造新常态、投身新常态，则国家兴，背离新常态、敷衍科学发展，国家不会有长久的繁荣，人民不会有永久的富庶。道理显而易见，只有认识高度统一，形成共识并转化为全体人民的热情和行动，这一高瞻远瞩的发展理念才能发挥其指明方向的巨大作用、汇聚成不可阻挡的力量。新常态是^v^对高速增长积极总结反思、审时度势作出的科学判断，催生的必然是中国经济健康发展的必由之路。经济发展新常态的分析和判断为我们绘就了科学发展、实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的宏伟蓝图，只要我们准确把握经济发展新常态，谋事克难、真抓实干，我们就会在实现中国梦的道路上迈出更加坚实的步伐，开辟一个新天地。
完整的英语论文范文格式 第4篇
(一)题目、署名及层次格式、文字、字数要求:
1、文稿采用A4幅面word文档;中文标题为三号宋体,正文为小四号仿宋体;英文字体为Times New Roman,标题字号为三号,字母全部大写;如有副标题,另起一行,首字母大写,正文为小四号字体;文稿应加注页码。
2、题目居中,署名及单位标在题目下,例如: 数字城市化进程 王赵(大学系,北京100001)(设计院,天津300001) 需作叙述时,可在当页下方划一条横线,在横线下加说明。
3、摘要和关键词,写在题目下、正文前。
4、论文的层次,统一要求采用: 1 (占一行或接排。 当接排时,标题后要加标点) *
(二)文稿和图稿其它要求:
1、正确阐述技术内容。名词术语应符合国家有关标准、规范。如所采用的名词术语尚未编定时,可采用各业务部门和科研单位常用的名词术语,不要任意用简称、方言。
2、准确使用标点符号,注意: (1)标题、图题、表名后及公式后不用标点; (2)阿拉伯数字的起止(范围)号用“~”,如: “20~30”,“8%~10%”,“0~10oC”
3、对正文中的某些问题需加以说明时,可用“呼应注”(也叫脚注),即在所要加注处的.右上角标注“①、②……”,同时在本页末留出位置,划一横线与正文隔开,在横线下注明“①、②……”。
4、计量单位采用xxx颁发的《xxx法定计量单位》,一律用拉丁文书写。
5、外文字母写成印刷体,同时注意将正斜体、大小写分清楚。
6、数字的书写(统计数、各种计量及图表编号等各种顺序号)均用阿拉伯数字,世纪、年代、月、日和时刻均用阿拉伯数字,并一概用全称。
7、表格、公式、样图均要编号,每篇论文加注流水号,例如: 图1、图2,表1、表2,公式⑴、公式⑵。
8、照片要求清晰、层次分明,非彩印书尽量用黑白照片。墨线图要大小适当,图线要规整。照片、图稿等电子文件需备份一份随稿件一并提交。
9、参考文献的项目要列全,例如: [1]主编.结构力学.北京:出版社,2003 [2]主编.城市规划.上海:出版社,2001
经典论文标准格式模板如下文
1、题目。应能概括整个论文最重要的内容，言简意赅，引人注目，一般不宜超过20个字。
2、论文摘要和关键词。 论文摘要应阐述学位论文的主要观点。说明本论文的目的、研究方法、成果和结论。尽可能保留原论文的基本信息
，突出论文的创造性成果和新见解。而不应是各章节标题的简单罗列。摘要以500字左右为宜。关键词 是能反映论文主旨最关键的词句，一般3-5个。
3、目录。既是论文的提纲，也是论文组成部分的小标题，应标注相应页码。
4、引言(或序言)。内容应包括本研究领域的国内外现状，本论文所要解决的问题及这项研究工作在经济建设、科技进步和社会发展等方面的理论意义与实用价值。
5、正文。是毕业论文的主体。
6、结论。论文结论要求明确、精炼、完整，应阐明自己的创造性成果或新见解，以及在本领域的意义。
8、附录。包括放在正文内过份冗长的公式推导，以备他人阅读方便所需的辅助性数学工具、重复性数据图表、论文使用的符号意义、单位缩写、程序全文及有关说明等。
完整的英语论文范文格式 第5篇
同时也揭示了中国社会和谐发展的幸福水平然后，针对中国梦与大学生规划3000字论文第二届大学生职业生涯规划大赛_学生作品1 2019年04月02。2000字论文范文参考，论文2000字范文参考格式，语文论文范文参考2000字，论文的范文2000字，论文范文2000字标准范文，论文范文参考1000字，2000字论。1论文题目要求准确简练醒目新颖 2目录目录是论文中主要段落的简表短篇论文不必列目录 3提要是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短。
毕业论文6000字模范文 你好，安排本科硕士博士等各专业的毕业论文，周期短，质量高，包包修正，希望我的回答能对你有所帮助，我想录用 000字的论。一什么是文学评论 文学评论是运用文学理论现象进行研究，探讨，揭示文学的发展规律，以指导文学创作的实践活动 文学评论包括诗歌评论小说评论散文。郑州二七万达广场文秘帮论文格式模板范文，英文论文格式均以美国土木工程师协会出版社发布的标准格式为准 英语论文用激光打印机打印，打印稿为黑白稿。
2000字标准学术论文格式精彩范文 关键词 学术，标准，精彩，论文格式，范文 2000字标准学术论文格式精彩范文 摘要每到毕业季，同学们是不是都是在。本文主要为您介绍标准的毕业论文范文2000，内容包括00字的标准论文及格式，论文的标准格式是什么样的啊2000左右的论文该怎么写啊，国家标准的。历史论文2000字 司马戊大方鼎仍然是迄今世界上发现的最大的青铜器 人民教育出版社编写的九年义务教育中国历史第一册第24页讲到“商朝后期制。
论文是一个汉语词语，拼音是lùn wén，古典文学常见论文一词，谓交谈辞章或交流思想当代，论文常用来指进行各个学术领域的研究和描述学术研究成果的文章，简称之为论文。
完整的英语论文范文格式 第6篇
一、总则
本标准由教务处负责制订、修改与解释，望各相关学院参照执行。
（一）适用范围
本标准适用于东北财经大学全日制普通本科学生毕业论文（包括毕业设计报告，以下统称毕业论文）的撰写制作。外国语言文学类专业本科毕业论文可参照本标准的原则要求、按外文写作规则制作。
全日制普通本科学生学年论文的撰写制作参照本标准执行，篇幅可略小。
（二）本标准的执行
本标准由毕业论文指导教师负责指导学生执行。不符合本标准要求的毕业论文原则上不能提交答辩。
（三）本标准的监督
为确保本科毕业论文的质量，实施学院和教务处两级审查监督。
二、毕业论文结构
本科毕业论文包括以下内容（按顺序）：封面、中文摘要与关键词、英文摘要与关键词、目录、正文、注释、附录、主要参考文献、后记、封底。其中毕业设计的.正文还应包括所使用的主要仪器设备、实验数据和结果等；“附录”、“后记”视具体情况安排，其余为必备项目。
（一）封面
（二）中文摘要与关键词
摘要是对论文内容的概括性描述，应忠实于原文，字数在300～500字之间。关键词是从论文标题、摘要或正文中提取的、能表现论文主题的、具有实质意义的词语，通常为动词或名词，数量不少于3个，不超过7个。
（三）英文摘要与关键词
英文摘要（Abstract）和关键词（Keywords）由中文摘要和关键词翻译而成。
（四）目录
列出论文正文的一、二级标题名称及对应页码，以及附录、主要参考文献、后记等的对应页码。
（五）正文
正文是论文的主体部分，通常由绪论（引论）、本论、结论三部分组成。这三部分在行文上可以不明确标示。正文的各个章节或部分应以若干层级标题来标识。正文字数应在7000～10000字之间。
（六）注释
对所创造的名词术语的解释或对引文出处的说明。注释采用脚注形式。
（七）附录
附录属于正文、对正文起补充说明作用的信息材料，主要包括：
（1）放在正文内过于冗长的公式推导；
（2）复杂的数据图表；
（3）论文使用的字母或缩写符号的意义；
（4）计算机程序及有关说明等。
（八）主要参考文献
（九）后记
后记主要表述本人在写作中获得的感受，表示对相关人物的感谢。
（十）封底
封底由指导教师评语、学院论文答辩机构意见两部分组成。
完整的英语论文范文格式 第7篇
英文论文字体格式
相信很多同学都会接触到英文论文，那么英文论文的文章字体用多大合适呢?字体格式有什么要求?让我们就来给大家简单科普一下吧!
英文论文字体格式
一、论文的题目要求
1、论文题目以最恰当、最简明的词语反映论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合，并有助于选定关键词和编制目录
2、论文题目不能用缩略词、首字母缩略词、字符、代号和公式等
3、论文题目一般不超过20个字
4、论文题目语义未尽可用副标题补充说明
二、论文摘要的要求
应具有独立性和自含性，是一篇完整的短文，它说明论文的主要思想、结构框架，或研究工作的`目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论
三、论文的关键词
每篇论文必须选中3--5个中、英文关键词，以显著的字符另起一行，排在其对应摘要的左下方，中文关键词尽可能用《汉语主题词表》等词表提到的规范词
四、论文的字体及字号格式
1、英文统一使用Microsoft Word软件中的Times New Roman字体，所用中文使用“宋体”字体
2、内封大标题使用“粗体三号字”，内封其他信息使用“粗体四号字”
3、正文大标题使用“粗体小三号字”，章节标题使用“粗体四号字”
4、正文使用字体为 Times New Roma，大小为12 font(也就是小四)“小四号字”，正文中成段的引文使用“五号字”
5、行距 为 或 2倍 行距，段与段之间需要空一行
6、对齐方式为左对齐 或者 两侧对齐(总之，左起必须顶格)
7、Reference(参考文献)必须另起一页，且不计入文章字数
相关阅读
英文论文范文
Implication of Cultural Differences on International Business Negotiations
Abstract
Business negotiations under different cultural conditions are cultural negotiations. With the development of economic globalization and frequent business contacts, cultural differences have
become very important. If they are neglected, they could cause unnecessary misunderstanding, or even undermine the result of business negations. Therefore, it is of great significance to know different cultures of different countries as well as ways to avoid cultural conflicts in the context of international business negotiations. The paper begins with the definition of culture, analyzes the causes of cultural differences and explains the impact of cultural differences on international business negotiations from three perspectives of communication process, negotiation style and values concept. Finally, it analyzes effective ways to deal with the problem arising from cultural differences in the negotiation process. The paper stresses that in business negotiations between different countries negotiators should accept the other party's culture, try to make him be accepted and make a correct evaluation with help of effective communications. In a word, for successful cultural negotiations, cultural differences need to be perceived, accepted and most importantly played down.
Key words:culture cultural difference business negotiation impact
Contents
1. Cultural difference…….………..……...…………………………...…......4
The definition of culture……………………………………..............….....4
The causes of cultural differences……………………………..………......4
Geographical differences………………………..………………....….....4
Ethnic differences…………………………..………………....................4
Political differences…………………………..………….………….…...4
Economic differences…………………………………..….……….…....4
Religious differences……………………………………..………….......4
The concept of difference…………………………………...……….......5
Importance of international business negotiations on Cultural differences…………………………………………………………….…..5
2. Cultural differences on the impact of international business negotiations…………………………………………………..………...........5
Communication process……………………………...…...……...…....…..5
Negotiating style…………………...…..……..……………...……….…...8
Values………………...…………....….……..…………………….......…..8
Ethics………………………………………..……..………………...…..8
Sense………………………..……………………………..……….…. ...8
Concept of Collective…………………………………………………....8
Concept of time……………………………………………………….....8
3. How to deal with international business negotiations and cultural differences……………………..…………………………………………........9
完整的英语论文范文格式 第8篇
1.标题
即标题，它的首要作用是归纳全部论文的中心内容。标题要切当、恰当、明显、简略、精粹。
XXXX
(标题：二号，黑体，加粗，居中，除了英语小词外，别的单词首字母都要大写;别的：除了标题外，论文中一切英文的字体均选用“Times New Roman”)
XX学院 XX级
学号XX XXX 辅导老师：XXX
2.摘要
摘要是论文的高度归纳，是长篇论文不行短少的组成有些。请求用中、英文分别书写，一篇摘要不少于200字。要注明3-5个要害字。
【Abstract】 XXXX……
(英文摘要：上空二行;标题选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，置于粗体方括号内，顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号之间空一格，不必别的任何标点符号;选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗;单倍行距。)
3.要害字
是标明文献要害主题内容，但尽量少用不标准的主题词或新造词。要害字是为了文献标引作业，从论文中选取出来，用以表示全文首要内容信息款目的单词或术语。
【Key Words】 XX; XX;XX;XX
(英文要害字：标题选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，加粗，两个单词的首字母要大写，置于粗体方括号内，顶格放置;随后的内容与前面的粗体方括号之间空一格，不必任何别的标点符号，
选用五号“Times New Roman”字体，不加粗，除了专有名词外，别的单词的首字母不大写，各单词之间用分号“;”离隔，分号以后空一格;最终一个要害字以后不必任何标点符号;单倍行距。)
4.正文
完整的英语论文范文格式 第9篇
一、封面
题目：小二号黑体加粗居中。
各项内容：四号宋体居中。
二、目录
目录：二号黑体加粗居中。
章节条目：五号宋体。
行距：单倍行距。
三、论文题目： 小一号黑体加粗居中。
四、中文摘要
1、摘要：小二号黑体加粗居中。
2、摘要内容字体：小四号宋体。
3、字数：300字左右。
4、行距：20磅
5、关键词： 四号宋体，加粗。 词3-5个，每个词间空一格。
五、英文摘要
1、ABSTRACT：小二号 Times New Roman.
2、内容字体：小四号 Times New Roman.
3、单倍行距。
4、Keywords： 四号 加粗。 词3-5个，小四号 Times New Roman. 词间空一格。
六、绪论 小二号黑体加粗居中。内容500字左右，小四号宋体，行距：20磅
七、正文
(一)论文的正文用小四号宋体
(二)论文的安保、管理类毕业论文各章节按照一、二、三、四、五级标题序号字体格式
章：标题 小二号黑体，加粗，居中。
节：标题 小三号黑体，加粗，居中。
一级标题序号 如：一、二、三、 标题四号黑体，加粗，顶格。
二级标题序号 如：(一)论文的(二)论文的(三)论文的 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，顶格。
三级标题序号 如：. 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。
四级标题序号 如：(1)论文的(2)论文的(3)论文的 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。
五级标题序号 如：①②③ 标题小四号宋体，不加粗，缩进二个字。
医学、体育类毕业论文各章序号用阿拉伯数字编码，层次格式为：1××××(小2号黑体，居中)论文的××××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体)论文的。××××(3号黑体，居左)论文的×××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体)论文的。××××(小3号黑体，居左)论文的××××××××××××××××××××(内容用4号宋体)论文的。①××××(用与内容同样大小的宋体)论文的a.××××(用与内容同样大小的宋体)论文的
(三)论文的表格
每个表格应有自己的表序和表题，表序和表题应写在表格上方正中。表序后空一格书写表题。表格允许下页接续写，表题可省略，表头应重复写，并在右上方写“续表××”。
(四)论文的插图
每幅图应有图序和图题，图序和图题应放在图位下方居中处。图应在描图纸或在洁白纸上用墨线绘成，也可以用计算机绘图。
(五)论文的论文中的图、表、公式、算式等，一律用阿拉伯数字分别依序连编编排序号。序号分章依序编码，其标注形式应便于互相区别，可分别为：图、表、公式()论文的等。
文中的阿拉伯数字一律用半角标示。
八、结束语
小二号黑体加粗居中。内容300字左右，小四号宋体，行距：20磅。
九、致谢
小二号黑体加粗居中。内容小四号宋体，行距：20磅
十、参考文献
(一)论文的小二号黑体加粗居中。内容8—10篇， 五号宋体， 行距：20磅。参考文献以文献在整个论文中出现的次序用[1]、[2]、[3]……形式统一排序、依次列出。
(二)论文的参考文献的格式：
十一、附录(可略去)论文的
小二号黑体加粗居中。 英文内容小四号 Times New Roman. 单倍行距。翻译成中文字数不少于500字 内容五号宋体，行距：20磅。
十二、提示
论文用A4纸纵向单面打印。页边距设置：上，下，左，右。
完整的英语论文范文格式 第10篇
英文论文摘要格式
一、英文论文摘要的种类
摘要主要有三种：学术论文摘要，学术会议摘要及由专门摘要撰写者撰写的摘要。
本文主要探讨学术论文英文摘要。本文所选英文摘要例子均引自国内外语类核心期刊，以体现该研究对象的代表性。Arbor认为，根据撰写方法的不同，学术论文摘要主要有两种：一种是结果式摘要。这种摘要围绕研究发现结果为中心而撰写，有时会附带写上基于发现结果而得出的结论;另外一种是总结陈述式摘要，即对所撰写论文的总结陈述。
还需要注意的是，这片摘要并没有在研究结果的基础上写出据此得出的结论。选择何种方法撰写摘要，主要根据论文内容所属的研究类型和所采取的研究方法而定。本文认为，一般情况下，采用定量研究方法的论文摘要多为“结果式”;采用定性研究方法的'论文摘要多为“总结陈述式”。
二、英文摘要的结构要素
黄国文将英文摘要的结构要素归纳为六个：主题阐述、背景信息、目的陈述、方法论和语料、研究结果、发现和研究所带来的启示和结论，并指出并非所有的论文摘要都完全包括这六个要素，“事实上，一些成分是必选的，而其他成分是可有可无的”。
Slade也认为,“一篇摘要必须包括简明扼要的主题阐述，主要发现及意义，还有结论”。“摘要中一定要有方法和论文内容的重要词句，这样，此篇摘要才会在电脑中被搜索到，进而让读者决定是否阅读”。所以，在撰写摘要时，要根据具体的论文明确判断哪些要素是摘要必须包括的。
三、英文摘要的语法特点
1.英文摘要语句中主语的语法特点
2.英文摘要的时态特点
时态上，摘要也具有其自身的特点。Arbor认为，表示总结的语句通常与一般现在时或现在完成时;表示结果的语句可用过去时。Arbor还指出，“现在时态用于表示结果的语句这一情况通常易发生在自然科学领域而少发生在社会科学领域”。“主观用语的使用也易发生在自然科学领域”。
四、英文论文摘要的书写方法
摘要是论文内容的简要陈述，是一篇完整的、可以独立使用的短文，因而必须具有自含性。即：读者即使不阅读论文的全文也可以从摘要中获得必要的、与论文等量的信息，以判断有无必要阅读全文。摘要一般应包括研究题目的选择理由和目的;研究的方法或者过程;研究的发现或者成果。
五、摘要格式
英文主标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文主标题”，或手动设置(Times New Roman，四号，加粗，居中，段前段后均为0行，单倍行距)。
英文副标题格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“论文英文副标题”，或手动设置(Times New Roman，小四，加粗，居中，段前行，段后0行，单倍行距)。
英文标题下空一行为英文摘要。英文摘要正文格式：可选用本模板中的样式所定义的“英文摘要正文”或手动设置(Times New Roman，小四，行距为固定值20磅)。英文摘要后空一行，另起一行列出英文关键词。“Key words：”格式：首行缩进2字符，Times New Roman，小四，加粗。“Key words：”后紧接英文关键词。关键词之间用分号间隔，最后一个末尾不加标点。英文关键词全部小写。英文关键词格式：Times New Roman，小四，行距为固定值20磅。
完整的英语论文范文格式 第11篇
英文摘要的文体特征主要体现在语篇、句法、词汇和语相这四个层面。语篇的特征主要指结构上的衔接性、语义的连贯性、意义上的完整性、句子间的逻辑性等;句法层面主要涉及时态、语态和人称, 句型结构等;词汇层面要求使用规范、准确的词汇;语相层面包括字体、大小写、标点、文字符号的排列形式等。由于语相层面的内容相对简单, 这里主要从语篇、句法、词汇三个方面进行阐述。
英文摘要作为独立的语篇, 是一个上下连贯、前后一致、条理清晰的语言整体, 其交际目的通过发挥各个语步的不同功能得以实现。语篇应围绕论题形成一个完整的结构, 语篇中的句子之间存在一定的逻辑关系并在此结构基础上通过衔接成分组合在一起, 从而使这个连贯的语篇符合认知、语用和语义的原则。英文摘要的语篇虽然短小, 但仍然应该按照主题句 (研究目的、方向) 、拓展句 (研究方法、结果等) 和总结句 (研究结论、启发等) 这种英语语篇的展开方式, 层层推进, 完成写作。
英文摘要的词汇使用原则是规范、简洁。一般情况下应该用合适的单词替代短语, 用合适的短语替代句子。比如“提取”一词“extract”替代“take out”;有的词语含义较多, 比如“come out”一词, 有“出版”“开花”“上市”等意, 为避免产生歧义, 应回避使用。在复合句中, 通常用动词不定式短语、分词短语、独立主格结构、介词短语等形式替代状语从句, 以达到言简意赅的效果。
完整的英语论文范文格式 第12篇
由于缺乏英语环境，大多数学生学的都是“哑巴英语”，听说的能力远远低于读写的能力，所以如何让学生开口说英语是初中英语教学的一大重点。大多数英语歌曲的发音和语调都比较的清晰纯正，学生在听的过程中不仅可以提高自己的听力，在学唱歌曲的时候也无形中练习了发言。所以教师要鼓励学生多听英语歌，并模仿演唱者的.发音和语调学习演唱，这样在放松心情的同时也学习了英语，一举两得。学习语音规则是每个英语学习者都必须经历的过程，音的同化、弱化、连读、失去爆破等语音技术在英语歌曲中都大量存在，所以英语教师在安排做英语语音训练时可以将英语歌曲作为听力材料，引导学生归纳这些规则，并反复长期练习，增强其英语语感。如《Take Me To Your Heart》中的一句歌词：“Hiding from the rain an(d) snow”，其中就包括了连读和失去爆破，在指导学生进行练习时，教师可用多媒体出示歌词，歌词随着歌曲的播放而滚动显示，先让学生整体欣赏一遍，然后再对歌词读法进行分析讲解。而后再让学生跟着原唱一起小声哼唱，体会发音规律，反复模仿练习至熟练，直至能流畅的唱出歌曲。
学生学唱歌曲的过程是一种积极主动的模仿过程，学生跟随音乐节拍演唱自己喜欢的英文歌曲，发音愈发纯正，在说话时也能自然地脱口而出。而学生在听歌的过程中也逐渐习惯了纯正的英语发音，今后在听力考试时就会更加得心应手。所以教师可以经常向学生推荐一些节奏比较欢快、语法比较简单、歌词比较好记的英文流行歌曲，作为平常舒缓心情，并定期举办一次英文歌曲演唱比赛，来增强班级里听英文歌的氛围，让学生习惯去听，并敢于开口唱。
完整的英语论文范文格式 第13篇
英文摘要是正文实质性内容的总结和浓缩, 通常不加注释和评论性文字, 具有独立性 (stand on one’s own) 和自明性 (self-contained) 的特点[4], 即摘要本身独立成文, 读者不阅读全文也能获得与原文等量的主要信息。此外英文摘要还具有完整、精练、准确、正规的特点。“完整”指的是摘要本身要以文字的形式将论文的主要内容全面地反映出来, 不能用插图、表格或者文中的某个标题代替说明;“精练”是指摘要必须简明扼要地概括论文的精髓, 不宜与其他的研究工作对比、列举例证等。其篇幅长短以250个实词以内为宜 (《美国工程索引》要求其录入的摘要每篇不能超过150个实词[5]) ;“准确”指的是既要忠实于原文, 又要遵循英语的表达;“正规”说的是论文摘要属于正式文体, 用词、语法、句法、结构等行文要求都必须严谨、规范。
完整的英语论文范文格式 第14篇
英文论文引用格式
英文法学论文的文献引用格式是怎么样的?一篇法学学术论文往往在在大量文献引用和逻辑分析基础上得出的研究成果，下面一起看看吧!
引用规范包括两个要求：一是对于参考借鉴必须注明出处，二是引用形式要统一
1.参考借鉴必须注明出处
无论是中文还是英文论文的写作，引用的功能是完全一致的，主要包括三个方面：(1)帮助读者识别和调用相关文献资源：Help readers identify and relocate the source work。
(2)证明论文的观点是经过充分研究得出的;Provide evidence that the position is well-researched。
此外，在阅读一些论文的时候，我们经常看到一个引用泛化的现象，就是引用没有体现上述功能。
例如，将学界通识引用为个别知名教授的观点，将一些基本事实、常识引用为个别文章的成果，等等。
2.引用形式要统一
引用形式要统一，是指引用的格式必须按照标准化的要求做到全文统一，并遵循有关要求。
在英文论文写作中，引用的格式有多种参考标准。
在Google Scholar检索中自动生成的Citation形式里面，就有MLA、APA和GB/T 7714三种可选，其中第三个是中国国家标准化管理委员会发布的国家标准《文后参考文献著录规则》，在国内高校的毕业论文引用规范和理工科学术期刊中采用较多。
此外，国际标准化组织(ISO)还发布了文献引用格式的国际标准ISO 690: (Information and documentation -- Guidelines for bibliographic references and citations to information resources)，致力于推动文献引用格式的国际协调一致。
文献引用格式的标准化，有利于促进文献数据的信息化处理，进而服务于学术影响力评价等诸多方面。
目前，各种类型文献引用规范都是推荐性的。
各个研究机构、学术期刊往往会根据本领域文献的特征，选择其中一种或者自创一种格式作为采用格式。
在法学论文引用格式中，以《哈佛法律评论》等为主的期刊联盟就自行制定了文献引用体系的蓝皮书，也即The Bluebook，该引用格式目前是英文世界法学文献的主流引用格式。
此外，APA、Martin也被诸多法学研究机构和学术期刊采用，故此，本文就分别介绍一下The Bluebook、APA、Martin的基本情况。
1、The Bluebook 文献引用格式
The Bluebook的英文全称为The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation，中文全称为《蓝皮书：统一注释体系》。
在使用过程中，一般直接称为蓝皮书(The Bluebook)，它是一本在美国使用最为广泛的法律引用指南。
蓝皮书是由《哈佛法律评论》、《哥伦比亚法律评论》、《宾夕法尼亚法律评论》、《耶鲁法律评论》的编委会共同参与编写。
蓝皮书第一版出版于1926年，现在已经出到了第二十版。
蓝皮书是美国绝大多数法学院进行引用时参考的指南，也是美国绝大多数联邦法院使用的引用格式。
当然，美国最高法院有自己的引用格式，每个州在自己的法院系统里也只遵守自己制定的引用格式。
The Bluebook全书共计560页，详细的列举了各类文献的引用形式。
在书中，你可以看到中文文献的英文引用方式，也可以看到同一本文献的多种引用形式。
完整的英语论文范文格式 第15篇
Dear Sir,
In response to your advertisement in the newspaper of January 15, I wish to apply for the position of (secretary, accountant, clerk, salesman, etc).
I am twenty-five years old and a graduate of xxxcollege. My experience in this line of work includes six years as an assistant accountant with the ABC Company. The reason for leaving my present employment is because they are closing their office.
I am enclosing my resume together with my photo, and believe that they may be found satisfactory. With respect to salary, I shall expect HK$5,000 a month. I assure you that if appointed, I will do my best to give your satisfaction.
Very truly yours,
XXX
完整的英语论文范文格式 第16篇
英文论文致谢
Acknowledgements:
I would like to grant oceans of thanks to all my respected teachers and friendswho have offered me cordial assistance during the two and a half years.
First and foremost, I owe a special debt of gratitude to my respected supervisorProfessor Li Changbao, for his patient guidance, insightful suggestions and through the whole process of my thesis. Without his and invaluable suggestions, it would really be a difficult task for me tocomplete this thesis by myself.
Special thanks should also go to all the excellent professors who have taught mein this university over the past two years, for leading me into the field of researchwork, and giving me tremendous inspiration, courage and confidence during my studyhere. Their insightful lectures have made my study delightful and enjoyable.
Finally, I am also deeply indebted to all my family members and friends for theirencouragement which inspires me every time when I have no motivation to continue.
I must mention all my roommates, who give me a comfortable atmosphere to studyand do me a lot of favor when I need help.
Acknowledgements:
I would like to extend my deep gratitude to all those who have offered me a lot ofhelp and support in the process of my thesis writing.
First and foremost, my sincere thanks go to Professor Li Changbao, my supervisor,who has offered me numerous valuable comments and suggestions with and encouraged me profoundly throughout my postgraduate study. Without hispainstaking teaching and insightful advice, the completion of this thesis would havebeen impossible.
Also, I owe many thanks to all the professors who have taught me during myprevious study in this university, for leading me into a challenging yet fascinating fieldof academic research. The profit that I gained from them will be of to my future research.
Last but not least, I am deeply indebted to my family and friends, who have helpedme and shared with me my worries, frustrations, and happiness.
Acknowledgements:
The writing of a PhD dissertation is not an easy task, especially for someone whohas just begun her academic journey. During the evolution of this dissertation. I amdeeply indebted to a number of people who have guided and supported me in manyways.
I would like to express my utmost gratitude to my research supervisor. ProfessorShen Li for her sincere and selfless support, prompt and useful advice during myresearch. She gives me a lifetime unforgettable memory of her benevolence, patience,intelligence,diligence and erudition.
My gratitude also goes to Professor Chu Xiaoquan, Qu Weiguo and Shen Yuan ofthe Department of English, College of Foreign Languages and Literature, FudanUniversity. They gave me substantial suggestions for the refinement of thisdissertation during my pre-oral defense.
I would also like to thank Professor Zhang Chunbai of the College of ForeignLanguages, East China Normal University. Professor Huang Guowen of the Collegeof Foreign Languages, Zhongshan University and Professor Wang Tongshun of theCollege of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Jiaotong University, for careful review ofmy dissertation and their valuable comments.
I would like to extend my special thanks to Professor Wu Zhongwei ofInternational Cultural Exchange School. Fudan University. Being my supervisorduring the MA studies, he awakened my interest in SLA and TCSOL in particular. Thesame gratitude also goes to Professor Chen Liangmin of the Department of French,College of Foreign Languages and Literature, Fudan University. He introduced me theelegance of the French language which I chose as my major for bachelor's study and Iwould never forget what I have learnt from him.
My special thanks also go to my mentor Professor Shen Xiaoxiao ofInternational Cultural Exchange School. Fudan University. He provided metremendous guidance and support for my administrative work as master students'counselor and built a perfect model of a teacher, an advisor and a leader.
I am also grateful to Mme Zhang Shiyu' Li Lin. Shen Anyi and He Shijin fortheir spiritual support during my project. I am always indebted to the encouragementsthey gave me.
Lastly and most importantly. I would like to acknowledge the endless support,encouragement patience and understanding of my family. They gave me the incentiveto do this work and have put up unquestioningly with the difficult person that I hadbecome in the last few critical months of finalizing this dissertation. I love themforever.
Acknowledgements:
First and foremost, I would like to send my sincere gratitude to my supervisorProfessor Li Changbao. Without his devoted guidance during the whole course fromthe selection of the topic to the final manuscript and the efforts he has made to revisethe manuscript, this thesis would not be what it is now. Meanwhile, during the pasttwo and half years, he also provided me with valuable suggestions about study andlife which may benefit me in my whole life.
High tribute shall also be paid to all the teachers who have taught me during mygraduate study. Profound and intelligent, they endowed me with new insights towardsmy study. Among those teachers, I am really grateful to Mr. Teng Chao and Ms. ChenXianghong who are so gentle and considerate to share with me the importantmaterials I need when writing the thesis.
Finally, I am indebted to my parents and friends who have always supported meand encouraged me during the course of the thesis writing.
Acknowledgements:
The acconq)lishment of this thesis is owing to the unreserved instruction and persistentendeavour from a lot of people,to whom I would express my sincere gratitude, for this thesiscan't come into being without their joint effort.
First and foremost, my sincerest thanks go to my distinguished supervisor,ProfessorShao Zhihong, who is always granting me constant instruction, and showing me anenlightment when I'm in confusion. From the thesis proposal, structure to the content, he hasgiven precious inspiration. I am deeply encouraged by his profound knowledge, insightfulteaching and conscientious modification.
Secondly, my sincere appreciation also goes to all course instructors whose excellentprofession and good virtue have presented me with wisdom and intuition. Thanks for theirgenerous sharing which has prepared me for the thesis.
Finally, I'd like to extend my thanks to my parents and my friends who often give mecare and encouragement in the process of my study. Under their love,I can go with strongmotivation and power and that now I can be here,completing my postgraduate studysmoothly.
Acknowledgements:
Before concluding this thesis, I would like to take the precious opportunity to extend mywholehearted gratitude to all who have been helping me with my accomplishment of thispaper.
First and foremost,I owe my deepest gratitude to my distinguished supervisor, ProfessorYan Jinglan,who empowered me with inspiration and instruction, guided me in collection ofabundant materials, and enlightened me while in confusion. I am deeply grateful for thecontinuous support throughout my post-graduate study, especially during the time I studied atImperial College London. Without her dedicated assistance and insightfiil supervision, Iwould not have the courage to pursue for another master degree at Imperial, let alone thisthesis.
My sincere appreciation also goes to my prestigious master programme team at EastChina University of Science and Techonlogy, just to name a few, Professor Yu Yuguo,Professor Shao Zhihong,Professor Wang Jianguo, Professor Yang Huimin,Ms. Zhang Pan,Ms. Lin Mei, etc.,whose thought-provoking instruction imparted profound knowledge andmorality and who accredited me the opportunity to study abroad and experience in the globalcontext within my post-graduate study.
Last but not least,I am so gratefial to the programme team at Imperial College BusinessSchool, which allowed me getting access to the facilities and data polls,represented by MarcoMongiello, MBA programme senior director and Frankie Galati, senior and associate professor Sankalp Chaturvedi, supporting me with direct data andkey facts about course designs through personal emails and interviews. Without their kindestassistance, this study would have gone nowhere.
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